ইতিহাসের আলোকে সংখ্যালঘু সম্প্রদায়ের উৎখাতের ধারা-৪/আজিজুল হাকিম

 

Adverb / Adverbial Clause

Adverb Clause হলো একটি নির্ভরশীল উপবাক্য (dependent clause) যা একটি ক্রিয়া-বিশেষণ বা Adverb-এর মতো কাজ করে। এটি মূল বাক্যের Verb, Adjective বা অন্য Adverb-কে পরিবর্তন বা modify করে এবং সময়, স্থান, কারণ, শর্ত, উদ্দেশ্য, ফলাফল, রীতি, বিপরীততা ইত্যাদি তথ্য যোগ করে। এটি সাধারণত subordinating conjunction যেমন: when, because, if, although, since, as, so that ইত্যাদি দিয়ে শুরু হয়। 

Adverb Clause-এর বৈশিষ্ট্য:

1. এটি Subordinating Conjunction দিয়ে শুরু হয়।  

   যেমন: when, because, if, although, since, while, after, before, until, so that, as, though ইত্যাদি।  

2. এটি একটি পূর্ণ উপবাক্য বা subject + verb থাকে, কিন্তু স্বাধীনভাবে অর্থপূর্ণ বাক্য গঠন করতে পারে না।  

3. এটি মূল বাক্যের Verb/Adjective বা অন্য  কোন Adverb কে বর্ণনা করে।  

Adverb Clause-এর প্রকারভেদ ও উদাহরণ:

    সময় (Time):  when, while, before, after, until, since.

যেমন: যখন বৃষ্টি হচ্ছিল, আমরা ঘরে ছিলাম। -- When it rained, we stayed indoors.  

কারণ (Cause): because, since, as     যেমন: সে স্কুলে যায়নি কারণ সে অসুস্থ ছিল। -- He missed school because he was ill.

শর্ত (Condition): if, unless 

যেমন: যদি বৃষ্টি হয়, ম্যাচ বাতিল হবে। -- If it rains, the match will be cancelled.

উদ্দেশ্য (Purpose): so that, in order that 

যেমন: তিনি জোরে কথা বললেন যাতে সবাই শুনতে পায়। -- He spoke loudly so that everyone could hear.

ফলাফল (Result):  so...that, such...that 

যেমন: এত অন্ধকার ছিল যে কিছু দেখা যাচ্ছিল না।

It was so dark that nothing was visible.

রীতি/পদ্ধতি (Manner): as, as if, as though 

যেমন: সে কথা বলে যেন সে সব জানে -- He talks as if he knows everything.

বিপরীততা (Concession): although, though, even though 

যেমন: যদিও সে ক্লান্ত ছিল, সে কাজ করেছিল। -- Although she was tired, she worked.

Adverb Clause চেনার উপায়:

1. এটি Subordinating Conjunction (যেমন: if, when, because, although) দিয়ে শুরু হয়।  

2. এটি সরিয়ে দিলে মূল বাক্যটি সম্পূর্ণ থাকে, কিন্তু অতিরিক্ত তথ্য (সময়/কারণ/শর্ত ইত্যাদি) হারিয়ে যায়।  

   যেমন: "যখন সে এসেছিল, আমি খেলছিলাম।" → Adverb Clause (যখন সে এসেছিল) ছাড়া মূল বাক্য: "আমি খেলছিলাম" (সম্পূর্ণ, কিন্তু সময়ের তথ্য নেই)।  

নিচে Simple Sentence-কে joining করে Complex Sentence - এ রূপান্তরিত করা হয়েছে। এখানে প্রতিটি Adverbial Clause বাক্যে সময়, কারণ, শর্ত, উদ্দেশ্য, ফল, বিরোধ, তুলনা ইত্যাদি প্রকাশ করছে।

Adverb Clause সাধারণত নিচের বিষয়গুলো বোঝায়:

• সময়: when, before, after, until, while
• কারণ: because, since, as
• শর্ত: if, unless
• উদ্দেশ্য: so that, in order that
• ফলাফল: so…that
• বিরোধ/বিপরীত: although, though, even though

🔹Simple Sentences	🔹Complex Sentence (with Adverb Clause)
1. It was raining. We stayed inside.	We stayed inside because it was raining.
2. He was late. The bus had already left.	The bus had already left before he arrived.
3. I work hard. I want to succeed.	I work hard so that I may succeed.
4. She practices daily. She wants to improve.	She practices daily because she wants to improve.
5. You study well. You will pass.	If you study well, you will pass.
6. He spoke clearly. Everyone could understand.	He spoke clearly so that everyone could understand.
7. We went home. The show ended.	We went home after the show ended.
8. I will call you. I reach home.	I will call you when I reach home.
9. He was tired. He kept working.	Although he was tired, he kept working.
10. The baby cried. It was hungry.	The baby cried because it was hungry.
11. He waited. She came back.	He waited until she came back.
12. You heat ice. It melts.	If you heat ice, it melts.
13. I stayed quiet. I didn’t want trouble.	I stayed quiet because I didn’t want trouble.
14. She came home. It was dark.	She came home when it was dark.
15. They were happy. They won the match.	They were happy because they won the match.
16. I kept quiet. He was speaking.	I kept quiet while he was speaking.
17. He will join. He finishes school.	He will join after he finishes school.
18. She looks tired. She worked all day.	She looks tired because she worked all day.
19. He will leave. You arrive.	He will leave before you arrive.
20. I rushed. I was late.	I rushed because I was late.
21. The light goes out. It gets dark.	When the light goes out, it gets dark.
22. You water the plant. It grows well.	If you water the plant, it grows well.
23. She came. I was writing.	She came while I was writing.
24. He studied. He passed the exam.	He passed the exam because he studied.
25. We started walking. The rain stopped.	We started walking after the rain stopped.
26. He ran fast. He missed the train.	Though he ran fast, he missed the train.
27. I stayed. You were gone.	I stayed while you were gone.
28. They played. The sun was shining.	They played while the sun was shining.
29. He won’t come. You invite him.	He won’t come even if you invite him.
30. The dog barked. It saw a stranger.	The dog barked because it saw a stranger.
31. You call me. I’ll come.	If you call me, I’ll come.
32. We waited. The teacher arrived.	We waited until the teacher arrived.
33. She was crying. She was hurt.	She was crying because she was hurt.
34. They laughed. He cracked a joke.	They laughed when he cracked a joke.
35. He talks loudly. He is excited.	He talks loudly when he is excited.
36. We stayed inside. It was snowing.	We stayed inside because it was snowing.
37. I turned off the light. I went to bed.	I turned off the light before I went to bed.
38. He practices. He wants to win.	He practices so that he can win.
39. I won’t go. He invites me.	I won’t go even if he invites me.
40. He will fail. He doesn’t study.	He will fail if he doesn’t study.
41. She waited. The train arrived.	She waited until the train arrived.
42. They cheered. The goal was scored.	They cheered when the goal was scored.
43. I listened. He spoke.	I listened while he spoke.
44. I forgive you. You promise to change.	I’ll forgive you if you promise to change.
45. She smiled. He gave her flowers.	She smiled when he gave her flowers.
46. He left. We arrived.	He left before we arrived.
47. I helped him. He was in trouble.	I helped him because he was in trouble.
48. They didn’t leave. It rained.	They didn’t leave because it rained.
49. We ate dinner. The guests came.	We ate dinner before the guests came.
50. He was absent. He was ill.	He was absent because he was ill.